{
   "source_x": "PMC",
   "title": "Vaccinated C57BL/6 Mice Develop Protective and Memory T Cell Responses to Coccidioides posadasii Infection in the Absence of Interleukin-10",
   "doi": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01148-13",
   "pmcid": "PMC3911407",
   "abstract": "High concentrations of lung tissue-associated interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine, correlate with susceptibility of mice to Coccidioides spp. infection. In this study, we found that macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells recruited to Coccidioides posadasii-infected lungs of nonvaccinated and vaccinated mice contributed to the production of IL-10. The major IL-10-producing leukocytes were CD8(+) T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in lungs of nonvaccinated mice, while both Foxp3(+) and Foxp3(\u2212) subsets of IL-10(+) CD4(+) T cells were significantly elevated in vaccinated mice. Profiles of the recruited leukocytes in lungs revealed that only CD4(+) T cells were significantly increased in IL-10(\u2212/\u2212) knockout mice compared to their wild-type counterparts. Furthermore, ex vivo recall assays showed that CD4(+) T cells isolated from vaccinated IL-10(\u2212/\u2212) mice compared to vaccinated wild-type mice produced significantly higher amounts of IL-2, gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3), IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17A in the presence of a coccidioidal antigen, indicating that IL-10 suppresses Th1, Th2, and Th17 immunity to Coccidioides infection. Analysis of absolute numbers of CD44(+) CD62L(\u2212) CD4(+) T effector memory T cells (T(EM)) and IFN-\u03b3- and IL-17A-producing CD4(+) T cells in the lungs of Coccidioides-infected mice correlated with better fungal clearance in nonvaccinated IL-10(\u2212/\u2212) mice than in nonvaccinated wild-type mice. Our results suggest that IL-10 suppresses CD4(+) T-cell immunity in nonvaccinated mice during Coccidioides infection but does not impede the development of a memory response nor exacerbate immunopathology of vaccinated mice over at least a 4-month period after the last immunization.",
   "authors": [
      "['Hung, Chiung-Yu', 'Castro-Lopez, Natalia', 'Cole, Garry T.']"
   ],
   "id": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3911407"
}