{
   "sha": "671c27164c5c9dea34b515b57bddbb08e82ffb22",
   "source_x": "PMC",
   "title": "Nasal Infection of Enterovirus D68 Leading to Lower Respiratory Tract Pathogenesis in Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)",
   "doi": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v9050104",
   "pmcid": "PMC5454417",
   "pubmed_id": "28489053",
   "license": "CC BY",
   "abstract": "Data from EV-D68-infected patients demonstrate that pathological changes in the lower respiratory tract are principally characterized by severe respiratory illness in children and acute flaccid myelitis. However, lack of a suitable animal model for EV-D68 infection has limited the study on the pathogenesis of this critical pathogen, and the development of a vaccine. Ferrets have been widely used to evaluate respiratory virus infections. In the current study, we used EV-D68-infected ferrets as a potential animal to identify impersonal indices, involving clinical features and histopathological changes in the upper and lower respiratory tract (URT and LRT). The research results demonstrate that the EV-D68 virus leads to minimal clinical symptoms in ferrets. According to the viral load detection in the feces, nasal, and respiratory tracts, the infection and shedding of EV-D68 in the ferret model was confirmed, and these results were supported by the EV-D68 VP1 immunofluorescence confocal imaging with \u03b12,6-linked sialic acid (SA) in lung tissues. Furthermore, we detected the inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression level, which implied high expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1a, IL-8, IL-5, IL-12, IL-13, and IL-17a in the lungs. These data indicate that systemic observation of responses following infection with EV-D68 in ferrets could be used as a model for EV-D68 infection and pathogenesis.",
   "publish_time": "2017 May 10",
   "authors": [
      "['Zheng, Hui-Wen', 'Sun, Ming', 'Guo, Lei', 'Wang, Jing-Jing', 'Song, Jie', 'Li, Jia-Qi', 'Li, Hong-Zhe', 'Ning, Ruo-Tong', 'Yang, Ze-Ning', 'Fan, Hai-Tao', 'He, Zhan-Long', 'Liu, Long-Ding']"
   ],
   "journal": "Viruses",
   "has_full_text": "False",
   "id": "671c27164c5c9dea34b515b57bddbb08e82ffb22"
}